Wadi Gaza () and Besor Stream (, ) are parts of a river system in the Gaza Strip in Palestine and the Negev region of Israel. Wadi Gaza is a wadi (river valley) that divides the northern and southern ends of the Gaza Strip, whose major tributary is Besor Stream.
History
Nahal Besor has shown evidence of
epipaleolithic sites above
paleolithic sediments.
Finds of pottery and flints were studied by Ann Roshwalb who found evidence of both
and late
Neolithic occupations.
Archaeologists Pierre de Miroschedji and
Moain Sadeq suggest that in the late 4th millennium BCE, Egypt's expansion into the southern Levant consisted of a core of permanent settlement with areas of seasonal habitation and Egyptian influence where ancient Egyptians and Canaanites interacted.
The permanent core was focused around the wadi, encompassing the settlements at
Tell es-Sakan (likely an administrative centre) and
Ein HaBesor.
In the Old Testament, Besor was a ravine or brook in the extreme south-west of Judah, where 200 of David's men stayed behind because they were faint, while the other 400 pursued the Amalekites.[, .]
Around the year 390, a group of monks from Scetis around Silvanus settled in several lavra along the watercourse. The community would only gather on Saturdays and Sundays for communal prayer and meals, doing various manual works and prayer during the week.
During the Ottoman period, the area was inhabited by the Bedouin tribe of 'Arab al-Jubarat (عرب الجبارات).
Between 1951 and 1954, the Yeruham Dam was built on one of the tributaries of the HaBesor Stream. In 2012, Palestine added Wadi Gaza to the tentative list of World Heritage Sites.
In October 2023, as part of the Gaza war, Israel ordered 1.1 million people then living north of the Wadi Gaza bridge to move south.
Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve
The Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve was declared a
nature reserve by the Environmental Quality Authority of Palestinian Authority in June 2000. It is confined to the course of the Wadi and its floodplain and banks within the Palestinian jurisdiction.
The Gaza section of the Coastal Aquifer is the only significant source of water in the Gaza Strip.[ Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East, p. 109. Clive Lipchin; Springer, 2007] The Wadi Gaza runs through a wetland, the Gaza Valley, and as of 2012 it is used as a wastewater dump.
In 2022, rehabilitation began to turn Wadi Gaza back into a nature reserve.
Geography
The stream begins at Mount Boker (near
Sde Boker), and spills into the Mediterranean Sea near
Al-Zahra in the
Gaza Strip. Further upstream it was marked as
Wadi esh-Shallaleh on the 1878 Survey of Western Palestine map. The area has several important archaeological sites.
The stream is the largest in the northern Negev, and together with its largest tributaries, the Nahal Gerar, and the Beersheba stream, reaches as far east into the desert as Sde Boker, Yeruham, Dimona, and Arad/Tel Arad.
The source of Besor River lies at Mount Boker, near Sde Boker and the educational center Midreshet Ben-Gurion. From there it flows northwest towards the town of Ashalim, where it meets Nahal Be'er Hayil.
From there it flows north towards the ancient town of Haluza (Al-Khalasa). Then it continues northwest until it meets the Beersheba River a little to the east of the town of Tze'elim.
Near the village of Re'im, Nahal Besor meets the Nahal Gerar river, which is its biggest tributary.
One of the tributaries of the Besor River reaches kibbutz Urim. Tributaries from south to north: HaRo'e Stream, Boker Stream, Mesora Stream, Zalzal Stream, Revivim Stream, Atadim Stream, Beersheba Stream, Assaf Stream, Amar Stream, Sahaf Stream, and Wadi Abu Katrun.
Finally, Bezor Stream flows across the Israeli border with the Gaza Strip, and into the Mediterranean sea.
Ecology and environment
Fauna
The Gaza–Israel barrier presents a physical barrier which effects the makeup of wildlife in the portion of the wadi in the Gaza Strip by limiting movement. Between 2002 and 2004 a survey of wildlife around the wadi as it passes through the Gaza Strip found that it was devoid of large mammals, though small mammals such as
,
, and
were common. Wildlife hunting for food is more common in this area than in Israel.
Pollution
A study conducted in 2001 and 2002 found that the section of the wadi flowing through the Gaza Strip had higher levels of pollutants in summer than winter, when greater rainfall diluted the concentration. There were high levels of mercury,
cadmium, iron and zinc.
Archaeology
Several archaeological sites were excavated by Eann Macdonald in 1929 to 1930 along the Wadi Ghazzeh in lower Nahal Besor that show signs of specialist flint production. Some of these sites were re-excavated in 1969 by
Jean Perrot.
[*]
Several important Bronze Age archaeological sites are in this area. Among them are Tell Jemmeh, and Tell el-Far'ah (South). A smaller site of Qubur al-Walaydah is located between them.
Taur Ikhbeineh
Taur Ikhbeineh is an Early Bronze Age settlement inland from Gaza's Mediterranean coast. It was occupied in the 4th millennium BC and pottery from the site indicates interactions between Canaanite and Egyptian people. It was located along a probable paleo-estuary of the wadi.
Tell es-Sakan
Tell es-Sakan is an Early Bronze Age settlement on the northern bank of the Wadi Gaza, close to Gaza City.
It covers an area of and was inhabited between 3300 and 2300 BC. It began as an Egyptian settlement before it was abandoned around 3000 BC and later inhabited by Canaanites in 2600 BC.
Tell el-Ajjul
Tell el-Ajjul was established in the Bronze Age and was likely a successor settlement to Tell es-Sakan.
It is on the northern bank of the wadi.
Tell Jemmeh/Tel Gamma
Tell Jemmeh (Arabic) or Tel Gamma (תל גמה; Hebrew) is located on the west side of Nahal Besor, near Re'im and is close to in size. The site was continuously settled only between the Middle Bronze IIB (c. 1700–1550 BCE) and the Persian period (c. 530–330 BC). During the Iron I (c. 1200–1000 BE) the site was part of the
Philistine territory.
The first archaeological excavations mistakenly identified Tel Gamma as biblical Gerar, and it has since been identified by researchers as the Canaanite city of Yursa (ירזה), that was cited on the lists of Pharaoh Thutmose III (15th century BCE), as well as in Amarna letters.
Tell el-Farah (South)
Tell el-Farah (South), sometimes referred to as Tell Fara,
is on the west side of Nahal Besor, near
Ein HaBesor. The tell is in size and high and was an important fortified site in the Middle
Bronze Age. The earliest major settlement that has been uncovered to date is from the Middle Bronze Age II, lasting from ca. 1650 to 1550 BCE. It was controlled by
Ancient Egypt in the Late Bronze Age and inhabited by
Philistines into the
Iron Age. A
hematite seal in the shape of the head of a
bull was found and identified by
Flinders Petrie to originate from Syria, it showed a bull attacking a
lion beneath a
scorpion.
Flinders Petrie first identified the site as Beth-Pelet () and published the excavation reports under the names Beth-Pelet I - II. It has been linked by William Foxwell Albright to the ancient settlement of Sharuhen, although Tall al-Ajjul near the estuary of Nahal Besor, and Tel Haror to the north, are also being suggested.[Nadav Na'aman, The Brook of Egypt and Assyrian Policy on the Egyptian Border. Tel Aviv 6 (1979), pp. 68-90]
Flooding
Besor Stream is subject to annual flooding following heavy rains. Some Palestinians have claimed that Israel is at fault for the flooding, due to the opening of one or more dams opened upstream,
and in 2015, AFP posted a video showing flooding, entitled "Gaza village floods after Israel opens dam gates."
Several days later, AFP published a story acknowledging that "no such dam exists in Israel that could control the flow of water into Gaza, according to a team of AFP reporters on the ground as well as interviews with Israeli and international experts."
See also
Further reading
External links
